--- title: "Synapse fallout in court: Yotta, class actions and FINRA" language: en canonical: https://dossiertwist.com/dossiers/evolve-bank-trust/synapse/litigation/ as_of: 2026-10-16 keywords: ["Evolve Bank & Trust","Evolve Bancorp","Synapse Financial Technologies","Synapse Brokerage","Banking-as-a-Service","Open Banking","cease-and-desist order","Federal Reserve","Arkansas State Bank Department","FBO accounts","Yotta Technologies","Lineage Bank","AMG National Trust","Scot Lenoir","Robert Hartheimer","data breach","MDL 3127","Ankura reconciliation","CFPB","Coastal Community Bank"] --- # Synapse fallout in court: Yotta, class actions and FINRA **Question.** Which court and regulatory cases arose from the Synapse collapse, and where do they stand? **Answer.** Yotta sued Evolve for fraud in 2024; the court dismissed the amended complaint in February 2026 and Yotta appealed. End users' class actions against Evolve, its holding company and three other partner banks were consolidated in Colorado, where discovery runs into 2027, and another was filed in Tennessee. FINRA settled with two former Synapse Brokerage officers in 2026, prosecutors in New York reportedly convened a grand jury into Synapse, and California fined Yotta for advertising its accounts as FDIC-insured through Evolve. None of these proceedings has produced a finding of liability against the bank. ## Yotta v. Evolve - Analysis: On September 13, 2024 Yotta Technologies, a fintech whose customers' accounts were held at Evolve through Synapse, sued Evolve Bancorp and Evolve Bank & Trust in the Northern District of California (No. 3:24-cv-06456); the holding company was dismissed by stipulation in January 2025. Its amended complaint alleges fraud. A discovery order of January 22, 2026 lists among the alleged misrepresentations the balances Evolve reported to Yotta through Synapse from 2020 to May 2024, an e-mail of about September 25, 2023 from Evolve president Hank Word to Yotta co-founder Adam Moelis calling the Synapse problems 'some contractual issues' being handled to 'protect end users', and an October 2023 e-mail from Scot Lenoir saying Yotta could 'transition to another bank'. Evolve filed a sealed declaration by Word in support of its motion to dismiss. [src-087] [src-069] [src-088] [src-110] - Attributed: Yotta's amended complaint alleges fraud by Evolve. A discovery order of January 22, 2026 lists among the alleged misrepresentations the balances and transactions Evolve reported to Yotta through the Synapse interface from 2020 to May 11, 2024, an e-mail from Evolve president Hank Word to Yotta co-founder Adam Moelis on or about September 25, 2023 describing the problems with Synapse as 'some contractual issues' being handled so as to 'protect end users', and a similar e-mail from Scot Lenoir on or about October 3, 2023 saying Yotta could 'transition to another bank'. [src-069] [src-088] [src-110] - Qualification: These are Yotta's allegations as summarised by the court; they have not been adjudicated. - Response: Evolve sought dismissal, arguing (as reported by a banking trade publication) that the complaint fell short on allegations against Evolve and was more about Synapse. - Outcome: On February 18, 2026 the court granted Evolve's motion to dismiss the amended complaint and closed the case on February 19; Yotta appealed to the Ninth Circuit (No. 26-1535) on March 11, 2026, and an appellate mandate was entered on the district docket on October 6, 2026, its content not shown in the retained docket. - Analysis: In the same order the magistrate judge refused to compel documents withheld as confidential supervisory information but gave Yotta three more hours with Evolve's corporate designee, finding that Evolve's counsel's 'many speaking objections and efforts to coach the witness disrupted the deposition'. According to Yotta's part of a joint discovery letter, as reported by a fintech industry newsletter, former chief technology officer W. Christopher Staab testified that the gap between the bank's funds and Synapse's ledgers likely led Evolve to fail to obtain the deposit insurance it needed, and Word invoked the Fifth Amendment when asked whether Yotta users' funds were FDIC-insured, which is not itself evidence of wrongdoing. Evolve cited its privacy obligations under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act for refusing to turn over documents containing end users' personal information; Word did not respond to the newsletter's request for comment. [src-069] [src-103] - Attributed: A fintech industry newsletter reported in January 2026 that, according to Yotta's portion of a joint discovery letter, former Evolve chief technology officer W. Christopher Staab testified in December 2025 that the gap between the bank's funds and Synapse's ledgers likely led Evolve to fail to obtain the necessary deposit insurance for the larger amount it should have held; that former Open Banking president Hank Word invoked his Fifth Amendment right when asked whether Yotta users' funds were FDIC-insured; and that a bank witness said Evolve 'does not know how Ankura calculated the amount that each user was entitled to'. [src-103] - Qualification: Yotta's characterisation of deposition testimony in a discovery filing, as reported by a newsletter; the transcripts are not in the retained record, and no court has made findings on these points. Invoking the privilege against self-incrimination is not itself evidence of wrongdoing. - Response: In its portion of the filing, Evolve cited its privacy obligations under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act for refusing to turn over documents containing end users' personal information; Word did not respond to the newsletter's request for comment. - Analysis: Evolve argued, according to a banking trade publication, that the complaint fell short on allegations against it and was more about Synapse. On February 18, 2026 the court granted Evolve's motion to dismiss the amended complaint and closed the case; Yotta appealed to the Ninth Circuit (No. 26-1535) on March 11, 2026, and an appellate mandate was entered on the district docket on October 6, 2026, its content not shown in the retained docket. [src-069] [src-088] [src-110] ## End users' class actions - Analysis: In November 2024 end users of Synapse-linked fintechs, mainly Yotta and Juno customers, filed a proposed class action in Colorado against American Bank, AMG National Trust, Lineage Bank, Evolve Bank & Trust and Evolve Bancorp. According to a banking trade publication's account, the complaint alleges that about $85 million of about 100,000 customers could not be traced because of ledger irregularities and that the banks kept no copy of the ledger; the plaintiffs told the court that tracing hundreds of millions of dollars through pooled accounts involves more than ten terabytes of data and that no one has completed a full reconciliation; these are allegations and representations, not findings. AMG has moved for summary judgment, saying it paid out all or almost all funds on Synapse Brokerage's instructions and the final trial balance, owed the plaintiffs no duty and holds none of their money; the plaintiffs dispute its data and method. In the consolidated case (No. 24-cv-03259), which since October 2025 also includes a California case transferred there, fact and class discovery closes on January 15, 2027 and the class-certification motion is due on March 17, 2027. [src-104] [src-113] [src-109] - Documented: End users of Synapse-linked fintechs, mainly Yotta and Juno customers, filed a proposed class action in federal court in Colorado in November 2024 against American Bank, AMG National Trust, Lineage Bank, Evolve Bank & Trust and Evolve Bancorp. In the consolidated case (D. Colo. No. 24-cv-03259 with five related cases), Magistrate Judge N. Reid Neureiter on April 16, 2026 extended the schedule: fact and class discovery closes January 15, 2027, the class certification motion is due March 17, 2027 and dispositive motions September 29, 2027. [src-104] [src-113] - Qualification: The plaintiffs allege the banks failed to safeguard customer funds; there is no ruling on the merits in the retained record. - Analysis: A separate proposed class action filed on November 27, 2024 in the Central District of California against Lineage, American Bank, AMG, Evolve Bancorp and the bank was transferred to Colorado on October 16, 2025 under the first-to-file rule, leaving the plaintiff's request to add Synapse, Synapse Brokerage, Mark Paverman and Jeffrey Stanley as defendants to that court. On April 4, 2025 a Yotta customer sued Evolve Bank & Trust, Evolve Bancorp and Lineage Bank in the Western District of Tennessee, alleging negligent oversight and mishandling of funds; his account had shown $4,420.50 and he received $3.46. Evolve declined to comment on the active litigation. [src-109] [src-110] - Attributed: On April 4, 2025 a Yotta customer filed a proposed class action in the Western District of Tennessee against Evolve Bank & Trust, Evolve Bancorp and Lineage Bank, alleging negligent oversight and mishandling of funds after the Synapse collapse and seeking restitution, damages and a constructive trust; the complaint says his account showed $4,420.50 and he received $3.46 through the reconciliation. His lawyer said the case was filed because Lineage had challenged jurisdiction in the Colorado case. [src-110] - Qualification: Allegations reported by a banking trade publication; no ruling appears in the retained record. - Response: Evolve declined to comment on the active litigation. ## FINRA, prosecutors and California - Analysis: On August 28, 2025 FINRA's Department of Enforcement charged two former Synapse Brokerage officers: Jeffrey Alan Stanley, over supervision of the cash-management programme and transfers of customer funds without adequate authorisation, and Mark Elliot Paverman, over record-keeping. Paverman settled in January 2026 without admitting or denying the allegations, with a $20,000 fine and a 12-month suspension from principal roles; Stanley settled in May 2026, accepting suspensions of four months in all capacities and 12 months as a principal with no fine because of his financial status. [src-027] [src-068] [src-032] [src-078] - Analysis: A business magazine reported in March 2025 that a court filing had revealed a grand jury convened by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York in a criminal investigation into Synapse, and that prosecutors had asked about the shortfall and Synapse's relationship with Evolve; Pathak said prosecutors had not contacted him, and no charges appear in the retained record. On May 15, 2026 California's financial regulator entered a consent order with Yotta, finding that it had advertised savings as FDIC-insured 'through our partner bank Evolve Bank & Trust' and that at least 18,155 California customers lost access to at least $28 million after the bankruptcy; Yotta agreed to a $1,000,000 penalty. Evolve is not a party to the order. [src-096] [src-037] [src-052] ## Sources - [src-087] Court record source · src-087 - [src-069] Court record source · src-069 - [src-088] Court record source · src-088 - [src-110] Media source · src-110 - [src-103] Media source · src-103 - [src-104] Media source · src-104 - [src-113] Court record source · src-113 - [src-109] Court record source · src-109 - [src-027] Regulatory record source · src-027 - [src-068] BrokerCheck report: Mark Elliot Paverman (CRD 1046105), FINRA BrokerCheck, 2026-10-16 - [src-032] Disciplinary and Other FINRA Actions, October 2025, Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, 2025-10 - [src-078] BrokerCheck report: Jeffrey Alan Stanley (CRD 4645288), FINRA BrokerCheck, 2026-10-16 - [src-096] Media source · src-096 - [src-037] Notice to California Yotta customers, California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, 2026-05 - [src-052] Consent order: Yotta Technologies, Inc., California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, 2026-05-15