Digital Wave Finance: full accepted relationship evidence

attributedAndrei Grachev — DWF LABS PTE. LTD. (Singapore). Capacity: Reported founder and initial shareholder of the Singapore company. Period: Initial ownership reported from June 2022; later exact interest not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedMarco Schweizer — DWF LABS PTE. LTD. (Singapore). Capacity: Reported initial shareholder. Period: Initial ownership reported from June 2022; later exact interest not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedRemo Schweizer — DWF LABS PTE. LTD. (Singapore). Capacity: Reported initial shareholder. Period: Initial ownership reported from June 2022; later exact interest not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedMichael Rendchen — DWF LABS PTE. LTD. (Singapore). Capacity: Reported initial shareholder; interest ended in 2022. Period: Initial 2022 shareholding; Rendchen states his interest ended in 2022.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedMarco Schweizer — Darley Technologies AG. Capacity: Reported founding shareholder and board member. Period: Reported founding shareholding and board entry in May 2021; later equity not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared directors, a historical shared business site and a recruiting account support an operational connection, not a complete direct-shareholding chain. The register’s board list does not itself prove the reported founding shareholder allocations. The 2025 purpose amendment and 2026 recruiting evidence concern different dates from formation.

response

Rendchen told the original reporter that he had no operational role in Digital Wave Finance or Darley after leaving their boards in 2022, had never held an operational role in DWF Labs and retained no interest in DWF Labs after his 2022 departure.

attributedMichael Rendchen — Darley Technologies AG. Capacity: Reported founding shareholder. Period: Reported founding shareholding from May 2021; 2022 board exit does not separately date every equity disposal.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared directors, a historical shared business site and a recruiting account support an operational connection, not a complete direct-shareholding chain. The register’s board list does not itself prove the reported founding shareholder allocations. The 2025 purpose amendment and 2026 recruiting evidence concern different dates from formation.

response

Rendchen told the original reporter that he had no operational role in Digital Wave Finance or Darley after leaving their boards in 2022, had never held an operational role in DWF Labs and retained no interest in DWF Labs after his 2022 departure.

attributedClement Florentin — DWF LABS PTE. LTD. (Singapore). Capacity: Reported shareholder joining in December 2022. Period: Shareholder reported from December 2022; subsequent exact stake not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — FTX Trading Ltd.. Capacity: Holder of 381,534 Series B preferred shares in the January 2023 court schedule. Period: 381,534 Series B shares in court schedule filed 9 January 2023; current recovery/value not established. ^{13 7 8}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. An equity interest in FTX and a balance held on an exchange are different exposures. The statement did not establish zero loss or that the group was unaffected. The shareholder schedule is a dated holding record, not the present value of that investment, and the archive does not supply a final recovery calculation for this particular holding.

attributedMarco Schweizer — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Reported 27% shareholding in the historical press snapshot. Period: Historical press snapshot of DWF Labs; exact legal vehicle and present stake not established.

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedRemo Schweizer — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Reported 27% shareholding in the historical press snapshot. Period: Historical press snapshot of DWF Labs; exact legal vehicle and present stake not established.

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedAndrei Grachev — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Reported 27% shareholding in the historical press snapshot. Period: Historical press snapshot of DWF Labs; exact legal vehicle and present stake not established.

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedOlga Dementieva — Crypsis Blockchain Holding (brand; legal vehicle unresolved). Capacity: Reported majority shareholder of the Crypsis brand; legal vehicle unresolved. Period: Reported Crypsis brand capacities in 2017–2018; exact legal vehicle and later status unresolved.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A public career or matching initials does not establish identity with every same-name Russian director or litigant. Crypsis is a reported brand here; the exact legal vehicle is not conclusively identified. Old private tax, passport and residential identifiers are withheld. A retained redacted criminal record and transport-sector name matches are unresolved leads and are not assigned as convictions or transport-company ownership to the DWF partner.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Kultstatus GmbH. Capacity: Holder of 10 of 20 units (50%). Period: Formation allocation and mandate recorded September 2009; no later disposal established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Dros GmbH. Capacity: Holder of 30 of 300 units (10%); former manager. Period: 2021 record retains 10% participation and ends management; later disposal not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Sanapa GmbH. Capacity: Holder of 5 of 30 units (one-sixth). Period: Formation allocation 13 July 2022: 5 of 30 units; later changes not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Chair, then board member. Period: 18 December 2018–7 August 2020; chair until 18 December 2019.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These are register-entry dates. Later publication dates in directory notices must not silently move an appointment or resignation. A board mandate does not establish equity ownership. The historical management network must not be presented as the current board.

outcome

The audit-waiver period ended with the October 2023 change. Strasser & Vögtli’s audit appointment ran from 31 October 2023 until its removal on 22 January 2024; JURISAUDIT was entered on 12 March 2024.

attributedMichael Rendchen — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Board member; chair during the recorded 2019–2022 interval. Period: 18 December 2018–2 December 2022; chair 18 December 2019–23 August 2022.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These are register-entry dates. Later publication dates in directory notices must not silently move an appointment or resignation. A board mandate does not establish equity ownership. The historical management network must not be presented as the current board.

outcome

The audit-waiver period ended with the October 2023 change. Strasser & Vögtli’s audit appointment ran from 31 October 2023 until its removal on 22 January 2024; JURISAUDIT was entered on 12 March 2024.

attributedMarco Schweizer — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Board member; later chair and sole board member. Period: Board from 18 December 2019; sole member from 6 August 2024 in retained register.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These are register-entry dates. Later publication dates in directory notices must not silently move an appointment or resignation. A board mandate does not establish equity ownership. The historical management network must not be presented as the current board.

outcome

The audit-waiver period ended with the October 2023 change. Strasser & Vögtli’s audit appointment ran from 31 October 2023 until its removal on 22 January 2024; JURISAUDIT was entered on 12 March 2024.

attributedRemo Schweizer — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Chair during the short recorded mandate. Period: 23 August–2 December 2022.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These are register-entry dates. Later publication dates in directory notices must not silently move an appointment or resignation. A board mandate does not establish equity ownership. The historical management network must not be presented as the current board.

outcome

The audit-waiver period ended with the October 2023 change. Strasser & Vögtli’s audit appointment ran from 31 October 2023 until its removal on 22 January 2024; JURISAUDIT was entered on 12 March 2024.

attributedIrène Saxer — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Procurist, then board member. Period: Procuration from 23 May 2022, board from 31 October 2023, ended 6 August 2024.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These are register-entry dates. Later publication dates in directory notices must not silently move an appointment or resignation. A board mandate does not establish equity ownership. The historical management network must not be presented as the current board.

outcome

The audit-waiver period ended with the October 2023 change. Strasser & Vögtli’s audit appointment ran from 31 October 2023 until its removal on 22 January 2024; JURISAUDIT was entered on 12 March 2024.

attributedMarc Philipp Prinz — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Board member. Period: 31 October 2023–6 August 2024.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These are register-entry dates. Later publication dates in directory notices must not silently move an appointment or resignation. A board mandate does not establish equity ownership. The historical management network must not be presented as the current board.

outcome

The audit-waiver period ended with the October 2023 change. Strasser & Vögtli’s audit appointment ran from 31 October 2023 until its removal on 22 January 2024; JURISAUDIT was entered on 12 March 2024.

attributedMarco Schweizer — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Reported co-founder and trading leader; no exact equity percentage. Period: Reported founding/trading leadership from 2018; operational role not inferred beyond separately established departures. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedRemo Schweizer — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Reported co-founder and trading leader; no exact equity percentage. Period: Reported founding/trading leadership from 2018; operational role not inferred beyond separately established departures. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedMichael Rendchen — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Reported co-founder and trading leader; no exact equity percentage. Period: Reported founding/trading leadership from 2018; operational role not inferred beyond separately established departures. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedMarco Schweizer — IMC Trading. Capacity: Former trader. Period: Employment before the Swiss trading venture; precise dates not established. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedRemo Schweizer — Turcapital AG (formerly Digital Wave Assets AG). Capacity: Former board member. Period: 16 December 2019–4 September 2020.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared early directors, brand descriptions and business addresses do not prove that Turcapital is owned by Digital Wave Finance. FINMA’s entry applies to Turcapital, not automatically to the Swiss subject, Darley or every DWF-branded entity. A partly recognized PDF search cannot certify that the subject has no authorization. A historic LEI address for Digital Wave Assets and a later directory address for DWF do not alone prove contemporaneous co-occupation in 2020.

response

Tobias Straube, speaking as COO of Digital Waves, expressly denied active business, collaboration or transactions between his company and DWF/DWF Labs, while acknowledging limited relationships involving individual shareholders. That denial qualifies the otherwise visible shared-person network.

attributedMichael Rendchen — Turcapital AG (formerly Digital Wave Assets AG). Capacity: Former board member. Period: 16 December 2019–4 September 2020.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared early directors, brand descriptions and business addresses do not prove that Turcapital is owned by Digital Wave Finance. FINMA’s entry applies to Turcapital, not automatically to the Swiss subject, Darley or every DWF-branded entity. A partly recognized PDF search cannot certify that the subject has no authorization. A historic LEI address for Digital Wave Assets and a later directory address for DWF do not alone prove contemporaneous co-occupation in 2020.

response

Tobias Straube, speaking as COO of Digital Waves, expressly denied active business, collaboration or transactions between his company and DWF/DWF Labs, while acknowledging limited relationships involving individual shareholders. That denial qualifies the otherwise visible shared-person network.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Turcapital AG (formerly Digital Wave Assets AG). Capacity: Chair. Period: Chair recorded from formation on 16 December 2019; retained register.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared early directors, brand descriptions and business addresses do not prove that Turcapital is owned by Digital Wave Finance. FINMA’s entry applies to Turcapital, not automatically to the Swiss subject, Darley or every DWF-branded entity. A partly recognized PDF search cannot certify that the subject has no authorization. A historic LEI address for Digital Wave Assets and a later directory address for DWF do not alone prove contemporaneous co-occupation in 2020.

response

Tobias Straube, speaking as COO of Digital Waves, expressly denied active business, collaboration or transactions between his company and DWF/DWF Labs, while acknowledging limited relationships involving individual shareholders. That denial qualifies the otherwise visible shared-person network.

attributedTobias Straube — Turcapital AG (formerly Digital Wave Assets AG). Capacity: Chief operating officer. Period: Role when quoted in December 2023 reporting; later status not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared early directors, brand descriptions and business addresses do not prove that Turcapital is owned by Digital Wave Finance. FINMA’s entry applies to Turcapital, not automatically to the Swiss subject, Darley or every DWF-branded entity. A partly recognized PDF search cannot certify that the subject has no authorization. A historic LEI address for Digital Wave Assets and a later directory address for DWF do not alone prove contemporaneous co-occupation in 2020.

response

Tobias Straube, speaking as COO of Digital Waves, expressly denied active business, collaboration or transactions between his company and DWF/DWF Labs, while acknowledging limited relationships involving individual shareholders. That denial qualifies the otherwise visible shared-person network.

attributedClement Florentin — Darley Technologies AG. Capacity: Chair. Period: Chair entered 19 October 2022; retained register.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared directors, a historical shared business site and a recruiting account support an operational connection, not a complete direct-shareholding chain. The register’s board list does not itself prove the reported founding shareholder allocations. The 2025 purpose amendment and 2026 recruiting evidence concern different dates from formation.

response

Rendchen told the original reporter that he had no operational role in Digital Wave Finance or Darley after leaving their boards in 2022, had never held an operational role in DWF Labs and retained no interest in DWF Labs after his 2022 departure.

attributedRemo Schweizer — Darley Technologies AG. Capacity: Board member. Period: Board entry 19 October 2022; retained register.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared directors, a historical shared business site and a recruiting account support an operational connection, not a complete direct-shareholding chain. The register’s board list does not itself prove the reported founding shareholder allocations. The 2025 purpose amendment and 2026 recruiting evidence concern different dates from formation.

response

Rendchen told the original reporter that he had no operational role in Digital Wave Finance or Darley after leaving their boards in 2022, had never held an operational role in DWF Labs and retained no interest in DWF Labs after his 2022 departure.

attributedMichael Rendchen — Darley Technologies AG. Capacity: Former chair. Period: Chair from 6 May 2021; mandate ended 19 October 2022.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared directors, a historical shared business site and a recruiting account support an operational connection, not a complete direct-shareholding chain. The register’s board list does not itself prove the reported founding shareholder allocations. The 2025 purpose amendment and 2026 recruiting evidence concern different dates from formation.

response

Rendchen told the original reporter that he had no operational role in Digital Wave Finance or Darley after leaving their boards in 2022, had never held an operational role in DWF Labs and retained no interest in DWF Labs after his 2022 departure.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Vroom SIA (Latvia). Capacity: Reported founder of the Latvian vehicle. Period: Latvian entity registered December 2020; liquidated June 2023.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedSylvain Barbezange — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Head of Institutions. Period: Professional profile reported a move in February 2023; later status not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedSylvain Barbezange — Darley Technologies AG. Capacity: Former head of OTC trading. Period: OTC role before the reported February 2023 move.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Gönnerstiftung Tie-Break. Capacity: Foundation board member; previously chair. Period: Foundation registered 9 February 2006; retained roster identifies member, formerly chair.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedMarco Schweizer — Darley Technologies AG. Capacity: Board member. Period: Board entry 6 May 2021; joint signing after October 2022 change.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared directors, a historical shared business site and a recruiting account support an operational connection, not a complete direct-shareholding chain. The register’s board list does not itself prove the reported founding shareholder allocations. The 2025 purpose amendment and 2026 recruiting evidence concern different dates from formation.

response

Rendchen told the original reporter that he had no operational role in Digital Wave Finance or Darley after leaving their boards in 2022, had never held an operational role in DWF Labs and retained no interest in DWF Labs after his 2022 departure.

attributedMarco Schweizer — Nial AG. Capacity: Sole board member with individual signature. Period: Board replacement entered in October 2020; retained register.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A holding-company name, similar purpose, shared office or a director’s surname does not prove that these companies own DWF or are DWF subsidiaries. CTRL Shift’s formation disclosure does not show a contribution of DWF shares. Board succession at Nial does not prove a share acquisition or a family relationship. Dates of register entry and public notice remain distinct.

attributedTobias Straube — Turcapital AG (formerly Digital Wave Assets AG). Capacity: Board member. Period: Board entry 4 September 2020; retained register.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared early directors, brand descriptions and business addresses do not prove that Turcapital is owned by Digital Wave Finance. FINMA’s entry applies to Turcapital, not automatically to the Swiss subject, Darley or every DWF-branded entity. A partly recognized PDF search cannot certify that the subject has no authorization. A historic LEI address for Digital Wave Assets and a later directory address for DWF do not alone prove contemporaneous co-occupation in 2020.

response

Tobias Straube, speaking as COO of Digital Waves, expressly denied active business, collaboration or transactions between his company and DWF/DWF Labs, while acknowledging limited relationships involving individual shareholders. That denial qualifies the otherwise visible shared-person network.

attributedTobias Widmer — Turcapital AG (formerly Digital Wave Assets AG). Capacity: Board member. Period: Board entry 28 September 2026.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared early directors, brand descriptions and business addresses do not prove that Turcapital is owned by Digital Wave Finance. FINMA’s entry applies to Turcapital, not automatically to the Swiss subject, Darley or every DWF-branded entity. A partly recognized PDF search cannot certify that the subject has no authorization. A historic LEI address for Digital Wave Assets and a later directory address for DWF do not alone prove contemporaneous co-occupation in 2020.

response

Tobias Straube, speaking as COO of Digital Waves, expressly denied active business, collaboration or transactions between his company and DWF/DWF Labs, while acknowledging limited relationships involving individual shareholders. That denial qualifies the otherwise visible shared-person network.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Crypsis Blockchain Holding (brand; legal vehicle unresolved). Capacity: Reported founder and managing partner of the Crypsis brand. Period: Reported Crypsis brand capacities in 2017–2018; exact legal vehicle and later status unresolved.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A public career or matching initials does not establish identity with every same-name Russian director or litigant. Crypsis is a reported brand here; the exact legal vehicle is not conclusively identified. Old private tax, passport and residential identifiers are withheld. A retained redacted criminal record and transport-sector name matches are unresolved leads and are not assigned as convictions or transport-company ownership to the DWF partner.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Huobi Russia (historical exchange brand). Capacity: Former chief executive of Huobi Russia. Period: Huobi Russia leadership in 2018–2019; September versus November 2018 start differs by source.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A public career or matching initials does not establish identity with every same-name Russian director or litigant. Crypsis is a reported brand here; the exact legal vehicle is not conclusively identified. Old private tax, passport and residential identifiers are withheld. A retained redacted criminal record and transport-sector name matches are unresolved leads and are not assigned as convictions or transport-company ownership to the DWF partner.

attributedMichael Rendchen — Bytom Capital Holding AG. Capacity: Sole board member with individual signature. Period: Board at company registration 7 January 2025; public notice 10 January.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A holding-company name, similar purpose, shared office or a director’s surname does not prove that these companies own DWF or are DWF subsidiaries. CTRL Shift’s formation disclosure does not show a contribution of DWF shares. Board succession at Nial does not prove a share acquisition or a family relationship. Dates of register entry and public notice remain distinct.

attributedRemo Schweizer — Legacy Shift AG. Capacity: Sole board member with individual signature. Period: Founding board in February 2025 publication; later status not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A holding-company name, similar purpose, shared office or a director’s surname does not prove that these companies own DWF or are DWF subsidiaries. CTRL Shift’s formation disclosure does not show a contribution of DWF shares. Board succession at Nial does not prove a share acquisition or a family relationship. Dates of register entry and public notice remain distinct.

attributedRemo Schweizer — BITWave AG. Capacity: Former sole board member with individual signature. Period: Historical BITWave mandate, removal published 4 March 2024.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A holding-company name, similar purpose, shared office or a director’s surname does not prove that these companies own DWF or are DWF subsidiaries. CTRL Shift’s formation disclosure does not show a contribution of DWF shares. Board succession at Nial does not prove a share acquisition or a family relationship. Dates of register entry and public notice remain distinct.

attributedMarco Schweizer — CTRL Shift AG. Capacity: Sole board member with individual signature. Period: Registered 29 December 2025; publication 5 January 2026.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A holding-company name, similar purpose, shared office or a director’s surname does not prove that these companies own DWF or are DWF subsidiaries. CTRL Shift’s formation disclosure does not show a contribution of DWF shares. Board succession at Nial does not prove a share acquisition or a family relationship. Dates of register entry and public notice remain distinct.

attributedMarc Philipp Prinz — VISCHER AG. Capacity: Partner and employment-law practitioner. Period: Retained firm biography; no specific DWF legal-engagement scope established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A lawyer’s profession does not establish the precise purpose of his DWF board appointment. An audit appointment is not a finding that every transaction was proper or that fraud was excluded. Other audit clients and the auditor’s own officers are professional connections, not DWF owners or participants in every allegation.

attributedMarc Philipp Prinz — DPD (Schweiz) AG. Capacity: Former board member. Period: Former board role, removal recorded May 2023.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A lawyer’s profession does not establish the precise purpose of his DWF board appointment. An audit appointment is not a finding that every transaction was proper or that fraud was excluded. Other audit clients and the auditor’s own officers are professional connections, not DWF owners or participants in every allegation.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Black Ocean (historical project). Capacity: Reported co-founder of the Black Ocean project. Period: Historical VRM/Black Ocean venture, described in 2020–2023 records.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The insider’s account is attributed reporting, not a court finding, and a token project’s funding is not audited revenue of the Swiss AG. The record describes subsequent acquisition of the FLY project by VRM Korea and continued development at the time of the 2023 report. It does not prove the status of every later product. An empty directory accounts table does not establish zero activity or an illicit company.

response

The company’s contemporary promotion described its launchpad as offering refunds when token performance failed specified conditions. That marketing claim is not adopted as a guarantee of risk-free investment. The original reporter sought comments from the named participants; the retained article does not supply an individual answer to every Black Ocean allegation.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Jiamix (historical exchange). Capacity: Chief executive of the historical Jiamix exchange. Period: Jiamix launched September 2019; reported closed two years later.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A public career or matching initials does not establish identity with every same-name Russian director or litigant. Crypsis is a reported brand here; the exact legal vehicle is not conclusively identified. Old private tax, passport and residential identifiers are withheld. A retained redacted criminal record and transport-sector name matches are unresolved leads and are not assigned as convictions or transport-company ownership to the DWF partner.

attributedAndrei Grachev — VRM Trade (historical brand). Capacity: Reported co-founder of the VRM brand. Period: Historical VRM/Black Ocean venture, described in 2020–2023 records.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The insider’s account is attributed reporting, not a court finding, and a token project’s funding is not audited revenue of the Swiss AG. The record describes subsequent acquisition of the FLY project by VRM Korea and continued development at the time of the 2023 report. It does not prove the status of every later product. An empty directory accounts table does not establish zero activity or an illicit company.

response

The company’s contemporary promotion described its launchpad as offering refunds when token performance failed specified conditions. That marketing claim is not adopted as a guarantee of risk-free investment. The original reporter sought comments from the named participants; the retained article does not supply an individual answer to every Black Ocean allegation.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Qore Invest AG. Capacity: Sole board member with individual signature. Period: Board from registration 3 September 2021; retained record.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Kultstatus GmbH. Capacity: Managing participant with individual signature. Period: Formation allocation and mandate recorded September 2009; no later disposal established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — WMZ Holding AG. Capacity: Board member. Period: Recorded board capacity since the 2020 formation history; retained roster.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company.

attributedHans-Peter Schweizer — Nial AG. Capacity: Former board member. Period: 2016–2020 mandate before the October 2020 replacement.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A holding-company name, similar purpose, shared office or a director’s surname does not prove that these companies own DWF or are DWF subsidiaries. CTRL Shift’s formation disclosure does not show a contribution of DWF shares. Board succession at Nial does not prove a share acquisition or a family relationship. Dates of register entry and public notice remain distinct.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Export.Online (historical project). Capacity: Chief executive of the historical Export.Online project. Period: Historical Export.Online role in 2018; ICO halted June 2018. ^{7 19}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The token-sale target was an ambition, not money proved raised. The two investment amounts concern separate arrangements and must not be combined into one proven debt. The article reported that some investors were considering law-enforcement complaints; it did not establish a resulting conviction or repayment outcome. Later copied accounts do not supply independent corroboration.

response

Grachev initially said he did not know of the OneCoin connection and had not discussed its listing. When confronted with the reported video discussion, he said Huobi had received neither applications nor listing documents. On the investment complaints, he attributed dissatisfaction to a falling market and said public accusations distorted the situation rather than resolving it.

attributedAndrei Grachev — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Managing partner of DWF Labs. Period: Managing-partner role in the dated DWF Labs reporting; exact legal-employer chain varies by source.

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A public career or matching initials does not establish identity with every same-name Russian director or litigant. Crypsis is a reported brand here; the exact legal vehicle is not conclusively identified. Old private tax, passport and residential identifiers are withheld. A retained redacted criminal record and transport-sector name matches are unresolved leads and are not assigned as convictions or transport-company ownership to the DWF partner. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account. Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedHeng Yu Lee — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Partner of DWF Labs. Period: Partner in the November 2022 announcement; later September 2026 release retained.

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedEugene Ng — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Former partner; management and operational role ended in October 2024. Period: Partner before dismissal from management and operations on 29 October 2024. ^{61 62 8}

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The company actions are established through the contemporaneous statements and reporting; the underlying allegation is not presented as a conviction. Considering legal action is not the same as filing a lawsuit. The retained material does not establish a subsequent charge, trial result or final civil disposition. The complainant’s identity and unnecessary personal details are withheld.

response

DWF described the allegations as concerning and unacceptable and said it was investigating. Ng did not respond to the later reporter’s request; nonresponse is not an admission. Grachev did not provide further comment to that outlet.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Centara Research AG. Capacity: Former board member and secretary. Period: Historical board mandate; departure in February 2024 name/seat change.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Club Bellevue AG. Capacity: Former board member. Period: Formation May 2012–November 2018 departure.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Fusion Kitchen AG. Capacity: Former chair. Period: 11 April 2017 registration–31 July 2019 departure; company later deleted in 2022.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Zollywood AG. Capacity: Former board member. Period: Historical mandate from September 2015; ended 9 November 2021.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedChristian Oliver Spring — Qore Invest AG. Capacity: Managing director with individual signature. Period: Recorded from 2021-09-03; later status not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Turicum Private Bank Limited (Gibraltar). Capacity: Executive director and representative of a shareholder group. Period: Retained bank governance roster; no personal equity percentage established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company.

attributedLouis Raymond Bisang — Sanapa GmbH. Capacity: Managing participant with joint signature. Period: Formation record 13 July 2022; joint-signature managing participation.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedRaymond Bisang — Turicum Private Bank Limited (Gibraltar). Capacity: Honorary chairman for life. Period: Source recorded 2026-10-07; precise underlying date and later status depend on the cited record.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company.

attributedRaymond Bisang — Centara Research AG. Capacity: Former chair. Period: Historical board mandate; departure in February 2024 name/seat change.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Vroom SIA (Latvia). Capacity: Former board member with individual representation. Period: Board departure entered 13 March 2023, published 16 March; vehicle liquidated June 2023.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The insider’s account is attributed reporting, not a court finding, and a token project’s funding is not audited revenue of the Swiss AG. The record describes subsequent acquisition of the FLY project by VRM Korea and continued development at the time of the 2023 report. It does not prove the status of every later product. An empty directory accounts table does not establish zero activity or an illicit company.

response

The company’s contemporary promotion described its launchpad as offering refunds when token performance failed specified conditions. That marketing claim is not adopted as a guarantee of risk-free investment. The original reporter sought comments from the named participants; the retained article does not supply an individual answer to every Black Ocean allegation.

attributedMarco Andreas Ammann — Zollywood AG. Capacity: Former board chair. Period: Chair from the September 2015 formation record; changed to sole board member in the notice published 9 November 2021.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedIvo Martin Sacchi — Zollywood AG. Capacity: Board member. Period: Historical mandate from September 2015; ended 9 November 2021.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedMarco Andreas Ammann — Zollywood AG. Capacity: Sole board member. Period: Source recorded 2026-10-07; precise underlying date and later status depend on the cited record.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedAlexandra Christine Darioli — Strasser & Vögtli Treuhand AG. Capacity: Board member and management officer. Period: Source recorded 2026-03-26; precise underlying date and later status depend on the cited record.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A lawyer’s profession does not establish the precise purpose of his DWF board appointment. An audit appointment is not a finding that every transaction was proper or that fraud was excluded. Other audit clients and the auditor’s own officers are professional connections, not DWF owners or participants in every allegation.

attributedRonny Marc Vögtli — Strasser & Vögtli Treuhand AG. Capacity: Board member and management officer. Period: Source recorded 2026-03-26; precise underlying date and later status depend on the cited record.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A lawyer’s profession does not establish the precise purpose of his DWF board appointment. An audit appointment is not a finding that every transaction was proper or that fraud was excluded. Other audit clients and the auditor’s own officers are professional connections, not DWF owners or participants in every allegation.

attributedBeat Strasser — Strasser & Vögtli Treuhand AG. Capacity: Board member and management officer. Period: Source recorded 2026-03-26; precise underlying date and later status depend on the cited record.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A lawyer’s profession does not establish the precise purpose of his DWF board appointment. An audit appointment is not a finding that every transaction was proper or that fraud was excluded. Other audit clients and the auditor’s own officers are professional connections, not DWF owners or participants in every allegation.

attributedMarco Steinhauer — Strasser & Vögtli Treuhand AG. Capacity: Joint-signature officer. Period: Signing authority entered March 2026; retained register.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A lawyer’s profession does not establish the precise purpose of his DWF board appointment. An audit appointment is not a finding that every transaction was proper or that fraud was excluded. Other audit clients and the auditor’s own officers are professional connections, not DWF owners or participants in every allegation.

attributedMarco Andreas Ammann — Sanapa GmbH. Capacity: Managing participant with joint signature. Period: Formation record 13 July 2022; joint-signature managing participation.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Ulmart. Capacity: Former regional and quality-management employee. Period: Biographical employment description 2015–2017.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A public career or matching initials does not establish identity with every same-name Russian director or litigant. Crypsis is a reported brand here; the exact legal vehicle is not conclusively identified. Old private tax, passport and residential identifiers are withheld. A retained redacted criminal record and transport-sector name matches are unresolved leads and are not assigned as convictions or transport-company ownership to the DWF partner.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Russian Association of Cryptoeconomics, Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain (RACIB). Capacity: Vice-president of RACIB. Period: RACIB capacity in 2018 public event and career accounts; current mandate not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A public career or matching initials does not establish identity with every same-name Russian director or litigant. Crypsis is a reported brand here; the exact legal vehicle is not conclusively identified. Old private tax, passport and residential identifiers are withheld. A retained redacted criminal record and transport-sector name matches are unresolved leads and are not assigned as convictions or transport-company ownership to the DWF partner.

attributedEugene Ng — OpenEden. Capacity: Co-founder; operational removal reported in October 2024. Period: Historical co-founder; October 2024 operational removal reported without a share-disposal determination. ^{61 62}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The company actions are established through the contemporaneous statements and reporting; the underlying allegation is not presented as a conviction. Considering legal action is not the same as filing a lawsuit. The retained material does not establish a subsequent charge, trial result or final civil disposition. The complainant’s identity and unnecessary personal details are withheld.

response

DWF described the allegations as concerning and unacceptable and said it was investigating. Ng did not respond to the later reporter’s request; nonresponse is not an admission. Grachev did not provide further comment to that outlet.

attributedAndrei Grachev — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Reported co-founder of DWF Labs. Period: Source recorded 2023-10; precise underlying date and later status depend on the cited record.

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedHeng Yu Lee — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Reported co-founder of DWF Labs. Period: Source recorded 2024-05-10; precise underlying date and later status depend on the cited record.

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedVladimir Perov — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Portfolio manager in the retained professional-directory profile. Period: Directory describes portfolio-manager role from July 2022; later status unestablished.

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Crypsis Blockchain Holding (brand; legal vehicle unresolved). Capacity: Managing partner of the Crypsis brand. Period: Reported Crypsis brand capacities in 2017–2018; exact legal vehicle and later status unresolved.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A public career or matching initials does not establish identity with every same-name Russian director or litigant. Crypsis is a reported brand here; the exact legal vehicle is not conclusively identified. Old private tax, passport and residential identifiers are withheld. A retained redacted criminal record and transport-sector name matches are unresolved leads and are not assigned as convictions or transport-company ownership to the DWF partner.

attributedStrasser & Vögtli Treuhand AG — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Statutory auditor. Period: 31 October 2023–22 January 2024.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These are register-entry dates. Later publication dates in directory notices must not silently move an appointment or resignation. A board mandate does not establish equity ownership. The historical management network must not be presented as the current board.

outcome

The audit-waiver period ended with the October 2023 change. Strasser & Vögtli’s audit appointment ran from 31 October 2023 until its removal on 22 January 2024; JURISAUDIT was entered on 12 March 2024.

attributedJURISAUDIT AG — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Statutory auditor. Period: Audit entry 12 March 2024; retained register.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These are register-entry dates. Later publication dates in directory notices must not silently move an appointment or resignation. A board mandate does not establish equity ownership. The historical management network must not be presented as the current board.

outcome

The audit-waiver period ended with the October 2023 change. Strasser & Vögtli’s audit appointment ran from 31 October 2023 until its removal on 22 January 2024; JURISAUDIT was entered on 12 March 2024.

attributedDWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies) — World Liberty Financial. Capacity: Purchaser of WLFI governance tokens; not corporate equity. Period: Token purchase reported April 2025; senator’s inquiry letter dated 6 May 2025. ^{1 16 65}

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The letter is an official request expressing concerns, not a sanctions designation, criminal charge or judgment against DWF. Its cited allegations still depend on their underlying evidence and denials. Buying governance tokens is not proof of corporate equity or control of WLFI. Timing near policy changes does not by itself establish a quid pro quo.

response

DWF’s substantive denial of the underlying manipulation allegations is retained in the market-conduct section. The retained letter does not include a DWF response to the senator or establish the final result of his inquiry.

attributedDWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies) — Binance (exchange brand; contracting entity unestablished). Capacity: Trading customer of the Binance exchange brand. Period: Historical trading-customer relationship in retained reporting; exact contracting entity, start date and subsequent status not established.

qualification

The Binance endpoint is the exchange brand, not a determination of the specific trading-account counterparty. The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. These are reported internal findings disputed by the companies, not a public court judgment against DWF. YGG trading narratives and secondary retellings share the same originating investigation and are not separate independent proofs. Photographs of wealth are not evidence of market manipulation.

response

Binance said the evidence was insufficient or not fully substantiated, rejected the suggestion that it permitted market abuse and described its surveillance and offboarding program. DWF called the allegations unfounded and distortive of its business practices. Heng Yu Lee characterized the attacks as driven by competitors. These denials remain beside the allegation rather than in a remote appendix.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — Huobi Russia (historical exchange brand). Capacity: Trading venue used in the historical account. Period: Historical trading-venue relationship described in the 2020–2023 account. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — Jiamix (historical exchange). Capacity: Trading venue used in the historical account. Period: Historical trading-venue relationship described in the 2020–2023 account. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — Binance (exchange brand; contracting entity unestablished). Capacity: Trading venue used in the historical account. Period: Historical trading-venue relationship described in the 2020–2023 account. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

The Binance endpoint is the exchange brand, not a determination of the specific trading-account counterparty. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — Bitfinex. Capacity: Trading venue used in the historical account. Period: Historical trading-venue relationship described in the 2020–2023 account. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — OKEx. Capacity: Trading venue used in the historical account. Period: Historical trading-venue relationship described in the 2020–2023 account. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedDWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies) — Amethyst Amelia Kelly (Iggy Azalea). Capacity: Reported market maker and recipient of token inventory under the MOTHER arrangement. Period: Partnership announced July 2024, described in May 2026 complaint; no merits result established. ^{68 69}

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The plaintiff’s account is an allegation, not an adjudicated finding that DWF manipulated MOTHER or caused the token’s decline. Unidentified Doe defendants cannot simply be replaced with DWF. The complaint itself says holders had no equity in the promoter’s businesses. A limited docket-name search cannot establish that a person or company has no other litigation.

response

The retained filing does not contain a substantive DWF answer. No final merits outcome for this complaint is established in the material reviewed here.

attributedUnnamed DWF-affiliated investor in Interactive Strength notes — Interactive Strength Inc.. Capacity: DWF-affiliated investor in the jointly funded convertible-note transaction. Period: Transaction 10 June 2025; combined initial principal US$55,555,555 across two affiliated investors. ⁷⁰

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The filing does not allocate the entire initial funding to DWF or name the exact DWF-affiliated lender in this passage. Potential additional issuance is not cash already advanced. The accepted graph therefore uses a separately identified unnamed DWF-affiliated investor, rather than assigning a US$500 million loan to the Swiss AG or Singapore company. The embedded balance is explicitly dated August 2025 even though the prospectus was filed later.

attributedDWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies) — DMCC. Capacity: Partner in the announced Crypto Centre growth platform. Period: Partnership announced 24 February 2023, official report March 2023. ^{71 2 59}

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The BVI registration belongs to the specifically named entity, not automatically to Swiss Digital Wave Finance or the Singapore company. The DMCC initiative is an announced program, not proof that all promised investments occurred or that every group activity is licensed. Claims about serving more than eighty exchanges or incubating Falcon Finance are company descriptions rather than audited market-share evidence.

attributedK-Vis AG — Strasser & Vögtli Treuhand AG. Capacity: Statutory auditor. Period: Recorded from 2012-04-23; later status not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. A lawyer’s profession does not establish the precise purpose of his DWF board appointment. An audit appointment is not a finding that every transaction was proper or that fraud was excluded. Other audit clients and the auditor’s own officers are professional connections, not DWF owners or participants in every allegation.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — HTX. Capacity: Trading venue; reported best-partner award in September 2023. Period: Best-partner award reported September 2023; not regulatory approval.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedDWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies) — Algorand Foundation. Capacity: Purchaser of ALGO tokens in the completed OTC transaction. Period: US$50 million OTC purchase completed July 2023. ⁶⁰

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The EOS purchase and commitment are separate components; a future commitment is not automatically money already invested. These counterparties’ favorable accounts qualify the broader criticism without independently certifying every other DWF trade. Their token sales do not imply that DWF acquired corporate equity in the foundations.

attributedDWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies) — EOS Network Foundation. Capacity: EOS-token purchaser and separate ecosystem-investment commitment. Period: 2023 account: US$45 million token purchase and separate US$15 million ecosystem commitment. ⁶⁰

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The EOS purchase and commitment are separate components; a future commitment is not automatically money already invested. These counterparties’ favorable accounts qualify the broader criticism without independently certifying every other DWF trade. Their token sales do not imply that DWF acquired corporate equity in the foundations.

attributedDWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies) — Floki. Capacity: Purchaser of Floki tokens. Period: US$5 million token-sale relationship in December 2023 reporting. ⁶⁰

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The EOS purchase and commitment are separate components; a future commitment is not automatically money already invested. These counterparties’ favorable accounts qualify the broader criticism without independently certifying every other DWF trade. Their token sales do not imply that DWF acquired corporate equity in the foundations.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — Huobi Russia (historical exchange brand). Capacity: Trading venue used in the historical account. Period: Retrospective account says April 2018, before Swiss incorporation; chronology unresolved. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — OKEx. Capacity: Trading venue used in the historical account. Period: Retrospective account of exchange introductions in 2019. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedDarley Technologies AG — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Recorded shared business site. Period: Historical shared business site 20 June 2023–15 June 2026.

qualification

A shared corporate address is not proof of common ownership or control. Shared directors, a historical shared business site and a recruiting account support an operational connection, not a complete direct-shareholding chain. The register’s board list does not itself prove the reported founding shareholder allocations. The 2025 purpose amendment and 2026 recruiting evidence concern different dates from formation.

response

Rendchen told the original reporter that he had no operational role in Digital Wave Finance or Darley after leaving their boards in 2022, had never held an operational role in DWF Labs and retained no interest in DWF Labs after his 2022 departure.

attributedBITWave AG — Nial AG. Capacity: Recorded shared business site. Period: Source recorded 2017-09-19; precise underlying date and later status depend on the cited record.

qualification

A shared corporate address is not proof of common ownership or control. A holding-company name, similar purpose, shared office or a director’s surname does not prove that these companies own DWF or are DWF subsidiaries. CTRL Shift’s formation disclosure does not show a contribution of DWF shares. Board succession at Nial does not prove a share acquisition or a family relationship. Dates of register entry and public notice remain distinct.

attributedCentara Research AG — WMZ Holding AG. Capacity: Recorded shared business site. Period: Source recorded 2024-02-23; precise underlying date and later status depend on the cited record.

qualification

A shared corporate address is not proof of common ownership or control. These capacities are not proof that Swiss DWF owns the bank, foundation, property companies or their customers. Representing a shareholder group does not identify Bisang’s own equity percentage. The record does not infer a family relationship from names. A historical database label about termination of a registration at the old seat must not be turned into liquidation of the continuing Centara company.

attributedZollywood AG — Sanapa GmbH. Capacity: Recorded shared business site. Period: Shared business site in retained corporate records; no ownership inference.

qualification

A shared corporate address is not proof of common ownership or control. One-sixth is not a precise 17% interest. A continuing participant is not necessarily a continuing manager. Later business-site overlap and Marco Ammann’s other appointments do not convert these establishments into DWF subsidiaries. Fusion Kitchen’s later deletion and each person’s earlier departure are separate events; the former DWF director’s unrelated companies are not current subject assets.

attributedTurcapital AG (formerly Digital Wave Assets AG) — JURISAUDIT AG. Capacity: Recorded shared business site. Period: Turcapital address entry September 2020; auditor address from separate retained record, contemporaneous occupation not certified.

qualification

A shared corporate address is not proof of common ownership or control. Shared early directors, brand descriptions and business addresses do not prove that Turcapital is owned by Digital Wave Finance. FINMA’s entry applies to Turcapital, not automatically to the Swiss subject, Darley or every DWF-branded entity. A partly recognized PDF search cannot certify that the subject has no authorization. A historic LEI address for Digital Wave Assets and a later directory address for DWF do not alone prove contemporaneous co-occupation in 2020.

response

Tobias Straube, speaking as COO of Digital Waves, expressly denied active business, collaboration or transactions between his company and DWF/DWF Labs, while acknowledging limited relationships involving individual shareholders. That denial qualifies the otherwise visible shared-person network.

attributedDWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies) — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Reported group connection; not a verified direct equity chain. Period: Dated historical group descriptions; no complete current direct equity chain established.

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedDarley Technologies AG — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Operationally related trading business; shared team described by a participant. Period: Shared-team relationship described in 2023 interview; later recruiting corroboration July 2026.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared directors, a historical shared business site and a recruiting account support an operational connection, not a complete direct-shareholding chain. The register’s board list does not itself prove the reported founding shareholder allocations. The 2025 purpose amendment and 2026 recruiting evidence concern different dates from formation.

response

Rendchen told the original reporter that he had no operational role in Digital Wave Finance or Darley after leaving their boards in 2022, had never held an operational role in DWF Labs and retained no interest in DWF Labs after his 2022 departure.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Reported trading and exchange-access collaboration. Period: VRM collaboration described around late 2020; later brands and legal vehicles distinguished. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedTurcapital AG (formerly Digital Wave Assets AG) — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Reported group connection; not a verified direct equity chain. Period: Dated historical group descriptions; no complete current direct equity chain established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared early directors, brand descriptions and business addresses do not prove that Turcapital is owned by Digital Wave Finance. FINMA’s entry applies to Turcapital, not automatically to the Swiss subject, Darley or every DWF-branded entity. A partly recognized PDF search cannot certify that the subject has no authorization. A historic LEI address for Digital Wave Assets and a later directory address for DWF do not alone prove contemporaneous co-occupation in 2020.

response

Tobias Straube, speaking as COO of Digital Waves, expressly denied active business, collaboration or transactions between his company and DWF/DWF Labs, while acknowledging limited relationships involving individual shareholders. That denial qualifies the otherwise visible shared-person network.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Vladimir Demin. Capacity: Reported collaborator in VRM Trade. Period: Historical VRM collaboration described in retained reporting; later mandate not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Ilya Rynenkov. Capacity: Reported collaborator in VRM Trade. Period: Historical VRM collaboration described in retained reporting; later mandate not established.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedVRM Trade (historical brand) — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Reported historical brand connection. Period: Historical VRM/Black Ocean venture, described in 2020–2023 records.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The insider’s account is attributed reporting, not a court finding, and a token project’s funding is not audited revenue of the Swiss AG. The record describes subsequent acquisition of the FLY project by VRM Korea and continued development at the time of the 2023 report. It does not prove the status of every later product. An empty directory accounts table does not establish zero activity or an illicit company.

response

The company’s contemporary promotion described its launchpad as offering refunds when token performance failed specified conditions. That marketing claim is not adopted as a guarantee of risk-free investment. The original reporter sought comments from the named participants; the retained article does not supply an individual answer to every Black Ocean allegation.

attributedDWF MaaS Limited — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Capacity: Registered entity using the DWF Labs trading name. Period: BVI FSC retained registration; group approval announcement 3 September 2026. ^{71 2 59}

qualification

The DWF Labs endpoint denotes the group brand; the cited account does not always identify its exact contracting legal entity. This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. The BVI registration belongs to the specifically named entity, not automatically to Swiss Digital Wave Finance or the Singapore company. The DMCC initiative is an announced program, not proof that all promised investments occurred or that every group activity is licensed. Claims about serving more than eighty exchanges or incubating Falcon Finance are company descriptions rather than audited market-share evidence.

attributedAndrei Grachev — Digital Wave Finance AG. Capacity: Exchange-relationship work described in Grachev’s retrospective account. Period: Grachev’s retrospective 2018–2019 exchange-access account; dates conflict with incorporation/appointment records. ^{35 17 7}

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Reported profit, capital and trading-volume figures are not audited accounts. Grachev’s retrospective account places preferential Huobi access in April 2018, before the Swiss company’s December incorporation and before other sources place his Huobi Russia appointment. That chronology is unresolved. A brand’s retrospective 2018 trading history is not a 2018 incorporation date for the later Singapore company or Latvian vehicle. The unnamed Cayman trading company in his interview is not identified as a specific legal entity.

response

Grachev describes a self-funded trading business with no outside investors, a Swiss data centre and proprietary systems. His account is retained as his explanation rather than independently verified financial performance.

attributedDigital Wave Finance AG — Darley Technologies AG. Capacity: Shared recruiting account; Darley named as a department in the job listing. Period: Dated job listing 20 July 2026; operational evidence, not equity.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Shared directors, a historical shared business site and a recruiting account support an operational connection, not a complete direct-shareholding chain. The register’s board list does not itself prove the reported founding shareholder allocations. The 2025 purpose amendment and 2026 recruiting evidence concern different dates from formation.

response

Rendchen told the original reporter that he had no operational role in Digital Wave Finance or Darley after leaving their boards in 2022, had never held an operational role in DWF Labs and retained no interest in DWF Labs after his 2022 departure.

attributedBinance Holdings (IE) Limited — Binance Holdings Limited. Capacity: Separately named Binance entity in the CFTC consent order. Period: CFTC consent order announced 18 December 2023; no DWF defendant status.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Neither release names Digital Wave Finance or DWF Labs as a defendant. Binance’s own enforcement history is context for the exchange and its surveillance, not a transferable finding against all customers. Aggregated screening records and regulatory warnings need exact legal identities and cannot be read as sanctions designations of the DWF group. The SEC dismissal does not erase the separate CFTC consent order.

attributedBinance (Services) Holdings Limited — Binance Holdings Limited. Capacity: Separately named Binance entity in the CFTC consent order. Period: CFTC consent order announced 18 December 2023; no DWF defendant status.

qualification

This dated capacity is not proof of shared wrongdoing, a current mandate or a complete ownership chain. Neither release names Digital Wave Finance or DWF Labs as a defendant. Binance’s own enforcement history is context for the exchange and its surveillance, not a transferable finding against all customers. Aggregated screening records and regulatory warnings need exact legal identities and cannot be read as sanctions designations of the DWF group. The SEC dismissal does not erase the separate CFTC consent order.

attributedThe SEC-filed issuer prospectus describes the financing investor as affiliated with DWF Labs; its exact legal name is not given in the retained passage. ⁷⁰

qualification

The filing does not allocate the entire initial funding to DWF or name the exact DWF-affiliated lender in this passage. Potential additional issuance is not cash already advanced. The accepted graph therefore uses a separately identified unnamed DWF-affiliated investor, rather than assigning a US$500 million loan to the Swiss AG or Singapore company. The embedded balance is explicitly dated August 2025 even though the prospectus was filed later.

attributedDWF LABS PTE. LTD. (Singapore) — DWF Labs (group brand; contracting entity varies). Singapore company associated with the DWF Labs trading brand. ^{3 5 9}

qualification

Those are dated, differently sourced observations. The historic 27% figures are not a reconstructed current capitalization table. Hidden names and changing shareholder counts cannot identify the current owners. The DWF Labs brand spans more than one jurisdiction; generic brand activity is not automatically an obligation or asset of the Singapore company or the Swiss AG. Parent wording in a release or directory remains a reported group description, not proof of an exact current direct equity chain.

response

Rendchen expressly says his interest ended in 2022. The archive does not establish a later reversal of that account.

attributedBinance Holdings Limited — Binance (exchange brand; contracting entity unestablished). Named Binance entity in the CFTC consent order. ⁷³

qualification

Neither release names Digital Wave Finance or DWF Labs as a defendant. Binance’s own enforcement history is context for the exchange and its surveillance, not a transferable finding against all customers. Aggregated screening records and regulatory warnings need exact legal identities and cannot be read as sanctions designations of the DWF group. The SEC dismissal does not erase the separate CFTC consent order.